Characteristics of blood plasma proteome changes associated with the hemorrhagic purpura of cosmonauts on the first day after long-term space missions.

The interest in the role of the gravitational factor during landing after long-term space flights (SF) leads to the search for various innovative approaches to assessing the compliance of external changes observed by clinicians. The results of special research methods such as Omics technologies that may reflect physiological responses to the conditions created during landing are of great interest. Our purpose is to compare the blood plasma proteome changes associated with the trauma and endothelial dysfunction processes prior to launch and on the day of landing, as well as the groups of cosmonauts with and without the secondary hemorrhagic purpura. In our study, the concentrations of 125 plasma proteins in 18 Russian cosmonauts, measured using targeted proteomic analysis based on liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were analyzed. The results reveal the trends of 12 proteins participating in the processes that trigger hemorrhagic purpura under the effect of re-entry g-forces. Exposure to intense g-forces and return to the gravity are the key factors for external manifestations of changes in the body systems induced by a long-term stay in space microgravity. Our results may be useful for further research to experts in gravitational physiology, aviation and space medicine.

[Uteroplacental blood flow in maternal diabetes mellitus]. / Matochno-platsentarnyi krovotok pri sakharnom diabete u materi.

Various uteroplacental blood flow disorders, their diagnosis, and correction, especially if the maternal obstetric history is burdened by endocrinopathy, still remain an urgent obstetric problem. OBJECTIVE: To study blood flow in the vessel-red blood cell segment and to search for changes in both the vessels of the villous tree of the placenta and uterus and the properties of blood corpuscles, by using modern microscopy methods (scanning probe microscopy, atomic force microscopy). MATERIAL AND METHODS: For macroscopic and microscopic examinations, fragments of the placenta, umbilical cord, and uterus were taken; venous blood samples were collected from patients without endocrinopathy, with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) prior to delivery. The data were statistically processed using both parametric (Student's t-test) and nonparametric (Fisher's exact test) methods. RESULTS: The authors found that microangiopathy and other metabolic changes in diabetes mellitus could lead to villous stromal sclerosis, the appearance of intermediate villi, changes in blood vessel shape, relief tortuosity, depth, and area, endothelial cell destruction, stasis, and thrombosis. In these endocrinopathies, there were also changes in maternal red blood cells: their polymorphism was observed and geometric parameters and deformability were impaired. In this case, cell shape impairment correlated with the severity of the above described vascular complications. CONCLUSION: The use of modern microscopy methods makes it possible to diagnose uteroplacental blood flow changes even in early pregnancy and to prevent the progression of uteroplacental blood flow disorders and placental insufficiency.

[Characteristics of age-dependent changes in the urine´s proteom composition of the of the healthy persons (experimental and theoretical study).]

For the first time proteins are described, reliably increasing and decreasing in urine with age in the range of 20 to 60 years. The combinations of proteins associated with changes in immune processes, violation of blood reology, including the risk of coagulopathy, anticancer defense mechanisms, insulin signaling pathway, changes in cell characteristics are characterized division and quality of the newly formed fabric. Thus, the age dynamics of the main processes triggers a cascade of reactions manifested in the closure of «pathological biochemical circles¼ that form the prerequisites for the development of diseases and, over time, clinical manifestations.

[Chromato-mass spectrometric analysis of urine proteins associated with the functions of Toll-receptors in a healthy person under conditions of 17-day isolation.] / Хромато-масс-спектрометрический анализ белков мочи, ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ñ€ÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ функциями Toll-рецепторов у здорового человека в ÑƒÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ 17-суточной изоляции.

Under controlled conditions of 17-day isolation (Sirius-17 experiment), the protein composition of urine was studied in 6 healthy test volunteers-3 women and 3 men. Collection of samples in the form of a second freely separated morning urine fraction was carried out in the background (seven days before the experiment), as well as 1 day after the end of exposure. Chromatographic-mass-spectrometric semi-quantitative analysis of the protein composition of samples was performed on a system consisting of an Agilent 1100 chromatograph and an LTQ-FT Ultra hybrid mass spectrometer using bioinformatics resources UniProtKB, GeneOntology. An asymptomatic change in the immune defense system of kidney tissue after isolation in a closed hermetic object is associated with a change in the content of 7 proteins that provide functional activity of the TLR tubules of the kidneys - FcRIII, MUC1, Galectin-3, Ficolin-2, APOA1, FLNA, FCGR3A and Clusterin. These proteins are found to be useful biomarkers in the study of physiology and kidney diseases. They can be attributed to candidates for protein markers of the initial stages of impaired recognition by the epithelium of renal tubules of bacteria with known pathogenic potential.

[Analysis of Urine Proteome in Patients With Postinfarction Cardiosclerosis Combined With Hypertensive Disease for Assessing Endothelial Dysfunction].

In our study urine protein composition of 18 healthy volunteers was compared with that of 18 patients with ischemic heart disease and concomitant hypertension. Liquid chromatography-mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of the second fraction of morning urine was carried out using nano-line high performance liquid chromatograph and hybrid mass spectrometer. The analysis revealed 23 proteins expressed in the endothelium, according to the information contained in the database Bgee, and 49 proteins, with direct functional link with the processes in the endothelium in the reconstruction of associative networks using ANDSystem program. Comparison of urine proteome of healthy people and patients with postinfarction cardiosclerosis revealed proteins specific for patients with cardiovascular disease. Thus, proteins vitronectin, syndecan-4, a histidine rich glycoprotein, endothelial protein C receptor, colony stimulating factor, cathepsin D and sekretogranin-1 may be considered as potential markers for cardiovascular diseases. Further research in this area should be conducted for clinical and experimental verification of these hypotheses.

[Value of Fatty acids in formation of thrombotic status in patients with ischemic heart disease].

Interrelation between fatty acids and platelet aggregation has been a subject of interest for cardiologists in the terms of thrombogenic status. In order to study this problem we observed 42 patients with ischemic heart disease and 30 healthy persons. In patients we found elevation of arachidonic acid and lowering of docosahexaenic acid levels. Hypoxemic assay revealed in these patients lowering of prostacyclin and antithrombin III levels. In the pathogenesis of disturbances of platelet aggregation in patients with ischemic heart disease alteration of structure of platelets with increased quantity of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and corresponding change of thrombocyte asymmetry resulted in conformational reorganization of proteins and lipids.

[Blood viscosity in patients with ischemic heart disease].

AIM: To elucidate relation of blood viscosity to development of a hypoxic state of microcirculation in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 42 patients with postmyocardial infarction cardiosclerosis and 30 healthy persons (control group). Measurements were made by rotatory viscometer at shear rates 1 - 10 s(-1). RESULTS: In patients with IHD we found increased blood viscosity and lowering of blood fluidity limit. Pathogenesis of increased blood viscosity in patients with IHD involves elevated blood fibrinogen, enhanced aggregation ability of erythrocytes, and accelerated formation of fine and large erythrocyte aggregates.

[Impairments in the ultrastructure and macro- and microelement composition of hard tooth tissues in caries in patients with hypothyroidism and in those without thyroid disease].

Extracted teeth were studied in patients with hypothyroidism, by applying electron and atomic force microscopy. This method allows one to have extended morphometric characteristics. The patients with hypothyroidism were found to have superficial and internal changes in the enamel, dentin, and cement of intact and carious teeth. The macro- and microelement composition of teeth were investigated. In hypothyroidism, the resistance of dental tissue depends on the homogeneous structure of enamel and dentin.

[Medical provisions for non-career cosmonauts on short-duration flights to the International Space Station].

The paper presents the factual data about 6 participants in short-duration space flights of three age groups (according to the WHO classification). The scope of medical care for three young SFPs whose health status was qualified as good replicated the program adopted in Russia for crewmembers trained for short-duration orbital flights. To safeguard three SFPs of middle and elderly age among whom two had deviations in body functions, the standard medical care program was reinforced by prescription of corrective pharmaceuticals to be taken during space flight, supply of personal kits with preventive medicine, inclusion of additional examinations into the standard medical monitoring and modification of the in-flight countermeasure program, if necessary. As a result, all the SFPs missions were accomplished safely and successfully.

[Experience of an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin during prolonged isolation and confinement].

The utility of pantohematogen, an adaptation-assisting agent of animal origin for mental performance and functioning of the body systems was assessed in volunteered subjects exposed to prolonged isolation and confinement. Pantohematogen was shown to be favorable for successful implementation of control operations tests without any side effects on the main body systems and, therefore, can be recommended as a way to improve mental performance and to treat asthenoneurotic disorders in extreme conditions.

[X-ray data evaluation in planning operations of dental implantation in patients with different types of adentia].

The objective drawbacks of most common methods of patient examination and treatment planning that determine certain percentage of unavoidable complications are outlined. In order to increase treatment efficacy with dental implants, updated examination methods and algorithm of their application were developed providing clear indications to bone-plastic operations and dental implantation, low number of complications and improved treatment results.

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol increases C6 glioma cell death produced by oxidative stress.

(-)Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol is a scavenger of free radicals. However, the activation of the CB1 receptor in cultured C6 glioma cells by (-)delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the presence of reagents generating reactive oxygen species leads to amplification of the cellular damage from oxidative stress. This was evident by increased loss of cell wall integrity, impaired mitochondrial function and reduction of glucose uptake. In addition, (-)delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment was also found to be deleterious to the cells under conditions of glucose starvation. Free radicals have been implicated in various conditions leading to cell death and, as a routine, the Fenton reaction is utilized for modeling reactive oxygen species production. Our study was performed using a cell permeating Fe(III) chelating quinone that provides more physiological conditions for mimicking the naturally occurring oxidative stress within the cell and thus serves as a better model for natural reactive oxygen species formation.

[Testing and selection of equipment to simulate in-flight telemedicine-assisted medical examinations and researches on the ISS Russian segment].

Analysis of equipment and systems used in telemedicine consultation was fulfilled from the perspective of integration into the ISS RS.

[Several clinical aspects of a piloted Martian flight]. / Nekotorye klinicheskie aspekty pilotiruemogo marsianskogo poleta.

The authors consider factors and risk sources in long and superlong (interplanetary) missions, conceivable effects of extended exposures in microgravity, and probability of diseases in the crew. They also lay down the basic principles of medical care, including surgery, to be applied in the interplanetary mission, and propose a nomenclature of key means and equipment for the therapeutic and emergency medical care, and a configuration of a medical compartment.

[Peculiarities of anesthesia and systemic hemodynamics in experiment with 30 days head-down immobilization of monkeys]. / Osobennosti techeniia anestezii i sostoianiia sistemnoi gemodinamiki v éksperimente s 30-sutochnoi antiortostaticheskoi gipokineziei u obezi'ian.

Two series of surgery (biopsy) were performed before and after 30-d head-down immobilization (HDI) of monkeys. The animals were anaesthetized by inhaled isoflurane. Effects of immobilization on systemic hemodynamics and the progress of anesthesia were evaluated. The experiment showed that HDI reduces systemic arterial pressure and slightly increases heart rate (HR) irrespective of the use of anesthesia. However, comparison of systemic hemodynamics parameters before and after the 30-d immobilization also revealed a drop in systemic arterial pressure, both systolic and, to a less degree, diastolic but not a significant rise in HR during the second surgical operation.

RNA editing associated with the generation of two distinct conformations of the trypanosomatid Leptomonas collosoma 7SL RNA.

Analysis of the trypanosomatid Leptomonas collosoma 7SL RNA revealed the existence of two distinct stable 7SL RNA conformers (7SL I and II). Sequence analysis of the RNAs indicated a single base difference between the conformers at position 133 (C in 7SL II and U in 7SL I) located in domain III. This change appears to be the result of a post-transcriptional editing event, since the single-copy 7SL RNA gene codes exclusively for a C at this position. The edited form (7SL I) was found preferentially in the cytoplasm, and the pre-edited form in the nucleus. 7SL I is mainly bound to ribosomes, whereas 7SL II is more abundant in ribosome-free particles. Mutations introduced in regions outside the editing site were found to occur in a single conformation, suggesting that the editing event is not the only factor that determines the conformation of the molecule. This study is the first description of an editing event on a small RNA other than tRNA and is the first report of C --> U editing in trypanosomes. We propose a novel role for RNA editing in controlling the conformation of the 7SL RNA in vivo.